Reports of Cases
published in the electronic Reports of Cases (Court Reports - general)
Subject-matter
Reference for a preliminary ruling – Raad van State – Interpretation of Arts 9(1)(a) and (2)(c) and Article 10(1)(d) of Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted (OJ 2004 L 304, p. 12) – Grant of refugee status – Conditions – Reasons for persecution – Homosexuality – Concept of particular social group – Legislation of the country of origin providing for imprisonment of not less than 10 years in the case of homosexual relationships
Systematic classification scheme
1.
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4 Internal policy of the European Union
4.06 Area of freedom, security and justice
4.06.01 Border checks, asylum and immigration
4.06.01.03 Asylum policy
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4 Internal policy of the European Union
4.06 Area of freedom, security and justice
4.06.01 Border checks, asylum and immigration
4.06.01.03 Asylum policy
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4 Internal policy of the European Union
4.06 Area of freedom, security and justice
4.06.01 Border checks, asylum and immigration
4.06.01.03 Asylum policy
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Citations of case-law or legislation
References in grounds of judgment
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007)
: paragraph 40
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 1
: paragraph 10
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 2
: paragraph 8
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 4
: paragraph 8
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 5
-P5 : paragraph 8
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 7
: paragraphs 54, 57
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 18
: paragraph 10
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 21
-P1 : paragraph 57
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 49
-P1 : paragraph 8
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 49
-P2 : paragraph 8
-
TFEU, Article 78
-P1 : paragraph 40
-
TEU, Article 6
-P1 : paragraph 10
-
Directive 2004/83
-A01 : paragraph 12
-
Directive 2004/83
-A02LC : paragraphs 13, 42, 65, 76
-
Directive 2004/83
-A02LK : paragraph 13
-
Directive 2004/83
-A04 : paragraphs 14, 58, 73
-
Directive 2004/83
-A04P4 : paragraph 64
-
Directive 2004/83
-A04PP3LA : paragraph 58
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P1 : paragraphs 16, 55, 56, 61, 75, 78
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P1LA : paragraphs 1, 50 - 52
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P1LB : paragraph 52
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P2 : paragraph 16
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P2LC : paragraphs 1, 50, 57, 60, 61
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P3 : paragraphs 17, 60
-
Directive 2004/83
-A10 : paragraphs 17, 18
-
Directive 2004/83
-A10P1 : paragraph 44
-
Directive 2004/83
-A10P1LB : paragraph 69
-
Directive 2004/83
-A10P1LD : paragraphs 1, 41, 49, 62, 65 - 69, 76
-
Directive 2004/83
-A10P1LDL2 : paragraph 46
-
Directive 2004/83
-A13 : paragraphs 19, 75
-
Directive 2004/83
-C3 : paragraphs 9, 39
-
Directive 2004/83
-C10 : paragraph 40
-
Directive 2004/83
-C16 : paragraph 39
-
Directive 2004/83
-C17 : paragraph 39
-
Court of Justice - Judgment C -175/08
: paragraph 73
-
Court of Justice - Judgment C -71/11
: paragraphs 39, 72 - 74, 78
-
Court of Justice - Judgment C -364/11
: paragraph 40
-
62012CN0199
: paragraph 2
-
62012CN0201
: paragraph 2
Operative part
Opinion
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007)
: point 22
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 7
: point 4
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 21
: point 4
-
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 52
-P3 : point 4
-
TFEU, Article 78
-P1 : point 22
-
Directive 2004/83
: points 5, 7, 22, 41, 55, 67, 73
-
Directive 2004/83
-A01 : points 5, 67
-
Directive 2004/83
-A02LC : point 6
-
Directive 2004/83
-A03 : point 7
-
Directive 2004/83
-A04 : points 7, 67
-
Directive 2004/83
-A04P3 : point 7
-
Directive 2004/83
-A06 : points 7, 64
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09 : points 2, 21, 23, 37, 40, 54, 56, 67
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P1 : points 8, 42 - 50, 61, 77
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P1LA : point 19
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P1LD : point 38
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P2 : points 9, 19, 43
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P2LC : points 44, 48
-
Directive 2004/83
-A09P3 : points 10, 43, 50, 61
-
Directive 2004/83
-A10 : points 11, 56, 67
-
Directive 2004/83
-A10P1 : point 31
-
Directive 2004/83
-A10P1LD : points 2, 11, 19 - 77
-
Directive 2004/83
-A10P2 : points 31, 50
-
Directive 2004/83
-C1 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-C2 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-C3 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-C4 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-C6 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-C10 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-C15 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-C16 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-C17 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-C21 : point 5
-
Directive 2004/83
-CH3 : point 2
-
Commission - COM Document (Draft Legislation) - 52001PC0510
: point 33
-
Court of Justice - Judgment C -244/80
: point 55
-
Court of Justice - Opinion C -71/11
: point 72
-
Court of Justice - Judgment C -71/11
: points 22, 46, 71, 72
-
Court of Justice - Opinion C -364/11
: point 23
-
Court of Justice - Judgment C -364/11
: point 22
-
62013CN0148
: point 7
Dates
Date of the lodging of the application initiating proceedings
Date of the Opinion
Date of the hearing
Information not available
Date of delivery
07/11/2013
References
Publication in the Official Journal
Applications: OJ C 217 from 21.07.2012, p.7
Judgment: OJ C 9 from 11.01.2014, p.8
Name of the parties
X and Others
Notes on Academic Writings
- Kunej, Špela: X, homoseksualec, begunec, Pravna praksa 2013 nº 46 p.24-25 (SL)
- Battjes, Hemme: Asielverzoeken van homoseksuelen: X, Y en Z tegen de Minister voor immigratie en asiel, Asiel en Migrantenrecht 2013 p.504-512 (NL)
- Sußner, Petra: Kylie Again! Zur sexuellen Ausrichtung im Asylrecht, Juridikum : Zeitschrift im Rechtsstaat 2013 p.406-408 (DE)
- Simon, Denys: Persécution à raison de l'orientation sexuelle, Europe 2014 janvier Com. nº 1 p.27-28 (FR)
- Kok, S.: Administratiefrechtelijke beslissingen ; Rechtspraak bestuursrecht 2014 nº 95 (NL)
- Defossez, Alexandre: Arrêt "X, Y et Z": les homosexuels persécutés dans leur pays d'origine peuvent-ils bénéficier du statut de "réfugié"?, Journal de droit européen 2014 nº 206 p.54-55 (FR)
- Berger, Maria ; Pelzl, Alexander: Asylrecht: In ihren Heimatländern strafrechtlicher Verfolgung ausgesetzte homosexuelle Asylwerber können als eine bestimmte soziale Gruppe iSd RL 2004/38 angesehen werden, Österreichische Juristenzeitung 2014 p.92 (DE)
- Pfersich, Andreas: Mindestnormen für die Anerkennung und den Status als Flüchtling oder den subsidiären Schutzstatus, soziale Gruppe, sexuelle Ausrichtung, Zeitschrift für Ausländerrecht und Ausländerpolitik 2014 p.197-198 (DE)
- Taccani, Igor: Sexual Orientation and Refugee Status – The ECJ Confronted with the issue of Persecution of Homosexual Acts as Ground forRecognition of Refugee Status, European Law Reporter 2014 p.20-24 (DE)
- Terlouw, A.B.: Rechtspraak Vreemdelingenrecht 2013 (Ed. Ars Aequi Libri - Nijmegen) 2013 p. 68-71 (NL)
- Den Heijer, Maarten: Persecution for reason of sexual orientation: X, Y and Z, Common Market Law Review 2014 p.1217-1234 (EN)
- Carlier, Jean-Yves: Droit européen des migrations, Journal de droit européen 2014 nº 207 p.105-114 (FR)
- Hueting, Laurens ; Zilli, Livio: The judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in X, Y and Z v Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel: a glass half full for "rainbow refugees"?, European Human Rights Law Review 2014 p.490-506 (EN)
- Morassutto, Luca: La nuova giurisprudenza civile commentata 2014 06 p.560-572 (IT)
- Savy, Daniela: Il diritto di asilo diindividui omossessuali e gli incerti contorni del divieto di discriminazione nella giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia dell'Unione europea, Diritti umani e diritto internazionale 2014 p.261-265 (IT)
- Jansen, Sabine: Over de gevolgen van het XYZ-arrest voor LHBT-asielzoekers in Nederland. Out & Proud?, Asiel en Migrantenrecht 2015 p.100-106 (NL)
- de Castro Sánchez, Claribel: La condición sexual como razón de la concesión de asilo. ¿Una nueva puerta de entrada a Europa? Reflexiones a la luz de la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la UE de 7 de noviembre de 2013, Minister Voor Inmigratie en Asiel/X, Y y Z., Revista General de Derecho Europeo 2015, n° 35, p. 1-22 (ES)
- Carlier, Jean-Yves ; Leboeuf, Luc: Droit européen des migrations, Journal de droit européen 2019 nº 3 p.114-130 (FR)
Procedural Analysis Information
Source of the question referred for a preliminary ruling
Raad van State - Netherlands
Subject-matter
- area of freedom, security and justice
- - asylum policy
Provisions of national law referred to
Vreemdelingenwet 2000, art. 1, aanhef en onder l, en 29, lid 1, aanhef en onder a Voorschrift Vreemdelingen 2000, art. 3.36 et 3.37
Provisions of international law referred to
Information not available
Procedure and result
- Reference for a preliminary ruling
Formation of the Court
quatrième chambre (Cour)
Judge-Rapporteur
Bay Larsen
Advocate General
Sharpston
Language(s) of the Case
Language(s) of the Opinion