Reports of Cases

2002 I-09519

Subject-matter

Failure by a Member State to fulfil obligations ─ Breach of Community law governing the internal market in air transport (Regulations No 2407/92, No 2408/92, No 2409/92) and of Articles 5 and 52 of the EC Treaty (now Articles 10 and 43 EC) ─ Conclusion and application of a bilateral "Open Skies" agreement with the United States

Systematic classification scheme

Citations of case-law or legislation

References in grounds of judgment

• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 5 : paragraph 140
• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 52 : paragraphs 122, 124 - 126, 134, 139, 140
• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 56 : paragraphs 135, 138
• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 58 : paragraph 126
• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 58 -L2 : paragraph 125
• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 61 : paragraph 123
• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 84 -P1 : paragraph 3
• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 84 -P2 : paragraphs 54, 75, 78, 80
• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 113 : paragraph 17
• EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 234 : paragraph 33
• Regulation 2299/89 : paragraphs 1, 11, 96, 102, 112, 140
• Regulation 2299/89 -A01 : paragraph 12
• Regulation 83/91 : paragraph 13
• Decision 92/384 : paragraph 22
• Regulation 2407/92 : paragraphs 1, 5, 7, 11, 88 - 92
• Regulation 2407/92 -A01 : paragraph 6
• Regulation 2408/92 : paragraphs 1, 5, 7, 10, 11, 88 - 92
• Regulation 2408/92 -A03P1 : paragraph 7
• Regulation 2408/92 -A04 : paragraph 8
• Regulation 2408/92 -A05 : paragraph 8
• Regulation 2408/92 -A06 : paragraph 8
• Regulation 2408/92 -A07 : paragraph 8
• Regulation 2408/92 -A08 : paragraph 8
• Regulation 2409/92 : paragraphs 1, 5, 11, 96 - 99, 101, 112, 140
• Regulation 2409/92 -A01P1 : paragraph 9
• Regulation 2409/92 -A01P3 : paragraph 100
• Regulation 95/93 : paragraphs 1, 11, 14, 96, 106
• Regulation 3089/93 : paragraph 1
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -22/70 : paragraphs 44, 77, 80, 82, 84, 111
• Court of Justice - Opinion 1/76 : paragraphs 44 - 46, 56, 63
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -30/77 : paragraph 135
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -352/85 : paragraph 135
• Court of Justice - Opinion 2/91 : paragraphs 82, 111
• Court of Justice - Opinion 2/92 : paragraphs 45, 46, 83, 84
• Court of Justice - Opinion 1/94 : paragraphs 45, 46, 57, 59, 83 - 86
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -348/96 : paragraph 135
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -114/97 : paragraph 135
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -307/97 : paragraphs 126, 127
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -62/98 : paragraph 39
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -84/98 : paragraph 39
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -55/00 : paragraph 127

Operative part

• Reference : EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 5
• Reference : EC Treaty (Maastricht), Article 52
• Reference : Regulation 2409/92
• Reference : Regulation 2299/89

Opinion

Information not available

Dates

Date of the lodging of the application initiating proceedings

• 18/12/1998

Date of the Opinion

• 31/01/2002

Date of the hearing

Information not available

Date of delivery

05/11/2002

References

Publication in the Official Journal

Application: OJ C 71 from 13.03.1999, p.8

Judgment: OJ C 323 from 21.12.2002, p.2

Name of the parties

Commission v Denmark

Notes on Academic Writings

1. Grard, Loïc: La Cour de justice des Communautés européennes et la dimension externe du marché unique des transports aériens, Cahiers de droit européen 2002 p.695-733 (FR)
2. Alemanno, A.: La jurisprudence de la Cour de justice et du Tribunal de première instance. Chronique des arrêts. Arrêts "Open Skies", Revue du droit de l'Union européenne 2002 nº 4 p.838-841 (FR)
3. Würfel, Christine: Statt "Open Sky" jetzt "Single European Sky", European Law Reporter 2003 p.11-12 (DE)
4. Van der Burg, F.H.: Administratiefrechtelijke beslissingen ; Rechtspraak bestuursrecht 2003 nº 39 (NL)
5. Pitschas, Christian: EuGH: Open-Skies-Abkommen mit USA, Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 2003 p.92-94 (DE)
6. Clark, Braedon: The Limitation on Benefits Clause Under an Open Sky, European Taxation 2003 p.22-26 (EN)
7. Lavranos, Nikolaos: Legal Issues of Economic Integration 2003 p.81-91 (EN)
8. Belorgey, Jean-Marc ; Gervasoni, Stéphane ; Lambert, Christian: L'actualité juridique ; droit administratif 2003 p.382-383 (FR)
9. Sico, Luigi: Il diritto comunitario del trasporto aereo e gli accordi Open Sky individualmente conclusi con gli Stati Uniti da alcuni Stati membri, Diritto pubblico comparato ed europeo 2003 p.475-481 (IT)
10. Wassenbergh, Henri: The Decision of the ECJ of 5 November 2002 in the "Open Skies" Agreements Cases, Air and Space Law 2003 p.19-31 (EN)
11. Barone, A.: Il Foro italiano 2003 IV Col.193-194 (IT)
12. X: Reports of the House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities 2003 p.15-22 (EN)
13. Slot, Piet Jan ; Dutheil de la Rochère, Jacqueline: Common Market Law Review 2003 p.697-713 (EN)
14. Stadlmeier, Sigmar: Das Ende einer Ära? Die Open Skies-Urteile des EuGH, Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 2003 Bd.58 Heft 2 p.163-195 (DE)
15. Bentzien, Joachim: Die Urteile des EuGH vom 5. November 2002 betreffend die Zuständigkeit der EG für Luftverkehrsabkommen mit Drittstaaten, Zeitschrift für Luft- und Weltraumrecht 2003 p.153-174 (DE)
16. Schulte-Strathaus, Ulrich: Die Europäische Luftfahrt in der Zeit nach den "Open Skies"-Urteilen des Europäischen Gerichtshofs, Zeitschrift für Luft- und Weltraumrecht 2003 p.314-321 (DE)
17. De Ceulaer, Stefaan: Community Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment: One Step Closer to the Multilateralization of Income Tax Treaties in the European Union?, Bulletin for International Fiscal Documentation 2003 p.493-502 (EN)
18. Martín y Pérez de Nanclares, José: Hacia una política transatlántica de cielos abiertos, Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo 2003 p.241-264 (ES)
19. Gimeno Verdejo, Carlos: Crónica de la Jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas. Las sentencias sobre los acuerdos de "cielo abierto". Reconocimiento de la competencia comunitaria para la negociación de acuerdos relativos a servicios de transporte aéreo, Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto 2003 nº 28 p.141-147 (ES)
20. Heffernan, Liz ; McAuliffe, Conor: External relations in the air transport sector: the Court of Justice and the open skies agreements, European Law Review 2003 p.601-619 (EN)
21. Dehousse, Franklin ; Maczkovics, Carole: Les arrêts open skies de la Cour de justice: l'abandon de la compétence externe implicite de la Communauté?, Journal des tribunaux / droit européen 2003 nº 102 p.225-236 (FR)
22. Girón Larrucea, José Antonio: Las competencias externas de la CE. Las Sentencias "cielos abiertos" de 5 de noviembre de 2002, Noticias de la Unión Europea 2003 nº 226 p.53-63 (ES)
23. Sevinga, K.: Open Skies-arresten en wat erop volgde, Nederlands tijdschrift voor Europees recht 2003 p.321-325 (NL)
24. Huttunen, Mikko: Kansainvälinen lentoliikenne murroksessa - Euroopan yhteisöjen tuomioistuimen ns. Open Skies-tuomioiden ja niiden seurausten arviointia, Defensor Legis 2003 nº 6 p.1095-1100 (FI)
25. Niedźwiedź, Monika: Kilka uwag na temat znaczenia orzeczeń Europejskiego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości z 5 listopada 2002 r. dotyczacych tzw. umów "otwartego nieba", Przegląd prawa europejskiego 2004 p.28-41 (PL)
26. Hoffmeister, Frank: Bilateral air transport agreements between several EU member states and the United States ("open skies") - right to establishment under European law - external competence of the European Community, American Journal of International Law 2004 p.567-572 (EN)
27. Lega, Alessandro: La competenza esterna della Comunità in materia di trasporto aereo, Diritto comunitario e degli scambi internazionali 2004 p.35-54 (IT)
28. Franklin, Christian N.K.: Flexibility vs. Legal Certainty: Article 307 EC and Other Issues in the Aftermath of the Open Skies Cases, European Foreign Affairs Review 2005 p.79-115 (EN)
29. Mendes de Leon, Pablo: Liberalising International Aviation with the ECJ Judgment re Open Skies and the Community Clause, Project 2001 Plus : global and European challenges for air and space law at the edge of the 21st century : proceedings of an International Symposium, Cologne 8-10 June 2005, to conclude "Project 2001 Plus" a joint project (Ed. Heymann - Köln) 2006 p.119-127 (EN)
30. Lykotrafiti, Antigoni: European Commission v The Netherlands: a Reminder of the 2002 Open Skies Judgments in the Light of the First EU-US Air Transport Agreement, European Competition Law Review 2007 p.578-583 (EN)
31. Borghetti, Daniele: Il caso Open Skies, Quaderni costituzionali 2007 p.659-662 (IT)
32. Bentzien, Joachim: Die Luftverkehrsaußenpolitik der EU nach den "Open Skies"-Urteilen des EuGH vom 5. November 2002, Zeitschrift für Luft- und Weltraumrecht 2009 p.566-586 (DE)
33. Mengozzi, Paolo: The EC External Competencies: From the ERTA Case to the Opinion in the Lugano Convention, The past and future of EU law: the classics of EU law revisited on the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty (Hart Publishing, Oxford) 2010, p. 213-217 (EN)
34. Eeckhout, Piet: Bold constitutionalism and beyond, The past and future of EU law: the classics of EU law revisited on the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty (Hart Publishing, Oxford) 2010, p. 218-223 (EN)
35. Sales Pallarés, Lorena: El cielo ¿(in)finito?: los cielos abiertos y las competencias externas de la Unión Europea, Gaceta Jurídica de la C.E. y de la Competencia - Boletín 2010 nº 13 p.67-77 (ES)
36. Hillion, Christophe: ERTA, ECHR and Open Skies: Laying the Grounds of the EU System of External Relations, The past and future of EU law: the classics of EU law revisited on the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty (Hart Publishing, Oxford) 2010, p. 224-233 (EN)
37. Post, Robert: Constructing the European Polity : ERTA and the Open Skies Judgments, The past and future of EU law: the classics of EU law revisited on the 50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty (Hart Publishing, Oxford) 2010, p. 234-248 (EN)

Procedural Analysis Information

Source of the question referred for a preliminary ruling

Information not available

Subject-matter

• Transport
  
• Freedom of establishment
  
• Principles, objectives and tasks of the Treaties
  

Provisions of national law referred to

Information not available

Provisions of international law referred to

Information not available

Procedure and result

• Action for a declaration of failure to fulfil obligations : application granted
  
• Action for a declaration of failure to fulfil obligations : dismissal on substantive grounds
  

Formation of the Court

Cour plénière (Cour)

Judge-Rapporteur

Skouris

Advocate General

Tizzano

Language(s) of the Case

• Danish
  

Language(s) of the Opinion

Information not available