Reports of Cases

2011 I-13755

Subject-matter

Reference for a preliminary ruling – High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division (Administrative Court) – Validity of Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community (OJ 2009 L 8, p. 3) – Question as to whether certain rules and/or provisions of international law may be relied on

Systematic classification scheme

Citations of case-law or legislation

References in grounds of judgment

• EC Treaty (Amsterdam), Article 80 -P2 : paragraphs 64, 65
• EC Treaty (Amsterdam), Article 175 -P1 : paragraph 26
• TFEU, Article 100 -P2 : paragraph 64
• TFEU, Article 191 -P2 : paragraph 128
• TFEU, Article 216 -P2 : paragraph 50
• TFEU, Article 267 : paragraphs 47, 51
• TFEU, Article 351 -L1 : paragraph 61
• TEU, Article 3 -P5 : paragraph 101
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 21994A0207(02) : paragraphs 10, 24, 75, 128
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) : paragraphs 79 - 85, 137
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A01PT9 : paragraph 16
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A02 : paragraphs 17, 95 - 100, 112, 148 - 156
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A03P2 : paragraph 18
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A03P4 : paragraphs 18, 45, 95 - 100, 112, 148 - 156
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A03P5 : paragraph 18
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A07 : paragraphs 19, 45, 86, 87, 112, 131 - 135
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A10 : paragraph 20
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A11 : paragraphs 21, 88 - 94
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A11P1 : paragraphs 112, 136 - 147
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A11P2LC : paragraphs 45, 112, 136 - 147
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A15 : paragraph 22
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A15P3 : paragraphs 45, 95 - 100, 112, 148 - 156
• Agreement with Third Countries or International Bodies - 22007A0525(01) -A19P1 : paragraph 23
• Regulation 3922/91 : paragraph 65
• Decision 94/69 : paragraphs 24, 73
• Decision 2002/358 : paragraphs 24, 27, 73
• Decision 2002/358 -A02L1 : paragraph 24
• Regulation 1592/2002 : paragraph 65
• Directive 2003/87 : paragraphs 26, 45 - 157
• Directive 2003/87 -A01 : paragraph 29
• Directive 2003/87 -A02P1 : paragraphs 30, 114
• Directive 2003/87 -A12P2BIS : paragraph 118
• Directive 2003/87 -A25BIS : paragraph 151
• Directive 2003/87 -A30P2 : paragraph 31
• Directive 2003/87 -C5 : paragraph 27
• Directive 2003/87 -C23 : paragraph 28
• Directive 2003/87 -C25 : paragraph 28
• Directive 2003/87 -N1 : paragraphs 115, 116
• Directive 2003/87 -N4 : paragraphs 118, 141
• Directive 2003/96 : paragraphs 67, 91
• Directive 2003/96 -A14P1LB : paragraph 67
• Directive 2006/93 : paragraph 66
• Regulation 1900/2006 : paragraph 65
• Decision 2007/339 : paragraphs 13, 79
• Directive 2008/101 : paragraphs 1 - 157
• Directive 2008/101 -A02P2 : paragraph 74
• Decision 2010/465 : paragraphs 14, 79
• Decision 2010/465 -A01P3 : paragraph 15
• Decision 2011/530 : paragraph 68
• Commission - COM Document (Other than Draft Legislation) - 52000DC0087 : paragraph 25
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -21/72 : paragraphs 52, 62
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -181/73 : paragraphs 73, 79
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -812/79 : paragraph 61
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -104/81 : paragraphs 49, 83
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -89/85 : paragraphs 107, 129
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -314/85 : paragraph 48
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -12/86 : paragraph 55
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -143/88 : paragraph 48
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -286/90 : paragraphs 101, 123, 124
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -379/92 : paragraph 62
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -405/92 : paragraph 107
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -61/94 : paragraph 50
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -149/96 : paragraph 49
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -162/96 : paragraphs 101, 110
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -346/97 : paragraph 144
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -476/98 : paragraph 69
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -6/99 : paragraph 48
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -213/03 : paragraphs 55, 96
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -311/04 : paragraph 50
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -344/04 : paragraphs 47, 48, 54
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -402/05 : paragraph 50
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -120/06 : paragraph 53
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -308/06 : paragraphs 50 - 52, 54, 63
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -127/07 : paragraphs 139, 140
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -188/07 : paragraph 129
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -301/08 : paragraphs 62, 63
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -382/08 : paragraph 65
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -240/09 : paragraph 55
• Court of Justice - Opinion C -366/10 : paragraphs 82, 86
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -79/10 : paragraphs 67, 90, 91
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -188/10 : paragraph 48

Operative part

• Validates : Directive 2008/101

Opinion

• EEC Treaty (Rome), Article 234 : point 55
  
• Treaty of Accession 1994 - Act, Article 105 : point 100
  
• Treaty of Accession 1994 - Act, Article 111 : point 100
  
• EC Treaty (Amsterdam), Article 307 : point 55
  
• Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 20 : point 196
  
• Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 21 : point 196
  
• Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (2007), Article 47 : point 73
  
• TFEU, Article 1 -P2 : point 55
  
• TFEU, Article 4 -P3 : point 66
  
• TFEU, Article 101 : point 106
  
• TFEU, Article 216 : point 58
  
• TFEU, Article 216 -P2 : points 58, 67, 68
  
• TFEU, Article 263 -L2 : points 75, 137
  
• TFEU, Article 267 -P1LB : point 44
  
• TFEU, Article 351 : points 53, 54, 58, 59
  
• TFEU, Article 351 -P1 : points 55, 56
  
• TFEU, Article 351 -P2 : point 58
  
• TEU, Article 1 -P3 : points 55, 67
  
• TEU, Article 3 -P5 : points 43, 108
  
• TEU, Article 19 -P3LB : point 44
  
• TEU, Article 21 -P1L1 : point 43
  
• TEU, Article 47 : point 43
  
• Directive 2003/87 : points 45, 163, 237, 239
  
• Directive 2003/87 -A03QUINQUIESP1 : point 215
  
• Directive 2003/87 -A03QUINQUIESP2 : point 215
  
• Directive 2003/87 -A03QUINQUIESP4 : point 216
  
• Directive 2003/87 -A12P2BIS : points 146, 217
  
• Directive 2003/87 -A16 : point 146
  
• Directive 2003/87 -A25BIS : points 159, 187
  
• Directive 2003/87 -C5 : point 198
  
• Directive 2003/87 -N4 : point 146
  
• Directive 2008/101 : points 41, 42, 45, 47, 50, 66, 76, 87, 102, 107, 114, 123, 139, 141, 144 - 147, 156, 157, 159, 160 - 165, 169, 171, 172, 186 - 188, 194, 197 - 200, 203, 205, 236, 237, 239
  
• Directive 2008/101 -C10 : point 198
  
• Directive 2008/101 -C11 : point 198
  
• Directive 2008/101 -C16 : point 199
  
• Directive 2008/101 -C17 : point 159
  
• Directive 2008/101 -C2 : point 198
  
• Directive 2008/101 -C3 : point 198
  
• Directive 2008/101 -C4 : point 198
  
• Directive 2008/101 -C7 : point 198
  
• Directive 2008/101 -C8 : point 198
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -21/72 : points 44, 45, 49, 50, 61, 69 - 71, 104, 113
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -127/73 : point 106
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -181/73 : point 68
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -812/79 : points 56, 57
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -104/81 : point 69
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -89/85 : points 142, 149
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -12/86 : points 72, 84, 106
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -247/86 : point 46
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -18/90 : points 72, 106
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -286/90 : points 44, 108, 109, 112, 116, 131, 142, 148, 149, 155
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -379/92 : point 62
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -405/92 : points 109, 112, 116, 119, 149
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -280/93 : points 69, 70
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -469/93 : point 70
  
• General Court - Judgment T -115/94 : points 108, 109
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -124/95 : point 56
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -408/95 : point 46
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -149/96 : points 69, 70
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -162/96 : points 44, 108, 109, 119, 142, 185
  
• General Court - Judgment T -102/96 : point 148
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -346/97 : points 231 - 233
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -61/98 : point 46
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -62/98 : points 56, 58
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -377/98 : points 49, 75, 113
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -162/00 : points 72, 106
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -216/01 : points 56, 58
  
• General Court - Judgment T -210/01 : point 148
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -93/02 : point 70
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -377/02 : point 70
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -213/03 : points 72, 84
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -265/03 : points 72, 106
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -344/04 : points 49, 68, 113, 196
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -351/04 : point 185
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -513/04 : point 158
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -402/05 : point 44
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -120/06 : points 49, 69, 70, 113
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -308/06 : points 44, 46, 49, 63 - 66, 72, 93, 94, 98, 108, 113, 116, 163, 183, 223
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -413/06 : point 185
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -118/07 : points 56, 148
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -127/07 : points 196, 198
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -188/07 : point 62
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -333/07 : point 123
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -550/07 : point 196
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -58/08 : point 185
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -67/08 : point 158
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -301/08 : points 61, 63, 65
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -386/08 : points 57, 68, 108, 109, 112, 119
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -533/08 : point 61
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -45/09 : point 123
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -119/09 : point 123
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -160/09 : point 71
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -176/09 : point 198
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -221/09 : point 198
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -236/09 : points 196, 198
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -240/09 : points 68, 84
  
• Court of Justice - Judgment C -300/09 : points 72, 106
  

Dates

Date of the lodging of the application initiating proceedings

Information not available

Date of the Opinion

• 06/10/2011

Date of the hearing

Information not available

Date of delivery

21/12/2011

References

Publication in the Official Journal

Application: OJ C 260 from 25.09.2010, p.9

Judgment: OJ C 49 from 18.02.2012, p.7

Name of the parties

Air Transport Association of America and Others

Notes on Academic Writings

1. Lo Schiavo, Gianni: La jurisprudence de la Cour de justice et du Tribunal de l'Union européenne. Chronique des arrêts. Arrêt « Air Transport Association of America et autres c. Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change », Revue du droit de l'Union européenne 2011 nº 4 p. 736-741 (FR)
2. Clément-Wilz, Laure: Le système européen d'échange de quotas d'émission de gaz à effet de serre face aux règles du droit international, Revue des affaires européennes 2011 p.859-867 (FR)
3. Havel, Brian F. ; Mulligan, John Q.: The Triumph of Politics: Reflections on the Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union Validating the Inclusion of Non-EU Airlines in the Emissions Trading Scheme, Air and Space Law 2012 p.3-33 (EN)
4. Herz, Steffen: Emissionshandel im Luftverkehr: Zwischen EuGH-Entscheidung und völkerrechtlichen Gegenmaßnahmen?, Beiträge zum transnationalen Wirtschaftsrecht 2012 Heft 116 35 P. (DE)
5. Simon, Denys: Droit international conventionnel et coutumier : l'invocabilité au coeur de la lecture juridictionnelle des rapports de systèmes - (à propos de l'arrêt Air Transport), Europe 2012 Mai Études nº 3 p.5-8 (FR)
6. Mayer, Benoît: Case C-366/10, Air Transport Association of America and Others v. Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, Judgment of the Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) of 21 December 2011, Common Market Law Review 2012, Volume 49, Issue 3, p. 1113-1139 (EN)
7. Denza, Eileen: International Aviation and the EU Carbon Trading Scheme: Comment on the Air Transport Association of America Case, European Law Review 2012 p.314-326 (EN)
8. Athen, Marco: "Hinterm Horizont geht’s weiter!" Einbeziehung des Luftverkehrs in den Handel mit Treibhausgasemissionszertifikaten, Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 2012 p.337-341 (DE)
9. Prouteau, Julie: Gaz à effet de serre et activités aériennes : le système d'échange de quotas au prisme du droit international entre compatibilité juridique et affrontement politique, Revue Lamy droit des affaires 2012 nº 71 p.75-78 (FR)
10. Bogojević, Sanja: Legalising Environmental Leadership: A Comment on the CJEU's Ruling in C-366/10 on the Inclusion of Aviation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, Journal of Environmental Law 2012 Vol.24 p.345-356 (EN)
11. Gehring, Markus W.: Air Transport Association of America v. Energy Secretary: Clarifying Direct Effect and Providing Guidance for Future Instrument Design for a Green Economy in the European Union, Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 2012 p.149-153 (EN)
12. Donnat, Francis: Chronique annuelle 2011 de jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne. Application du système à l'aviation civile, Revue juridique de l'Economie publique 2012 nº 699 p.16 (FR)
13. Dooley, Beth: Case Air Transport Association of America: Past, Present, and Future Climate Change Policy Impacts, Revue européenne de droit de la consommation 2012 p.525-539 (EN)
14. Bergé, Jean-Sylvestre: Les mots de l’interaction : compétence, applicabilité et invocabilité (à propos de CJUE, 21 déc. 2011, aff. C-366/10, ATAA. - CJUE, 15 mars 2012, aff. C-135/10, SCF. - CE, 11 avr. 2012, nº 322326, GISTI), Journal du droit international 2012 p.1005-1020 (FR)
15. Fleurke, F.M.: Een aanval op het Europese emissiehandelsysteem vanuit de lucht. Een bespreking van de prejudiciële beslissing van het Hof van Justitie inzake Richtlijn 2008/101/EG tot wijziging van Richtlijn 2003/87/EG, Nederlands tijdschrift voor Europees recht 2012 p.151-156 (NL)
16. Van Eeckhoutte, Dries ; Corthaut, Tim: Doorwerking van het internationale recht in de Europese rechtsorde: verplichting en uitdaging voor de Belgische rechter. Het Air Transport Association of America-arrest van het Hof van Justitie, Rechtskundig weekblad 2012-13 p.402-414 (NL)
17. Korn, Juhani M. V.: Von "open skies" und "green shipping" - Zur Bedeutung des Urteils über die Einbeziehung des Luftverkehrs in den Emissionshandel für das europäische Emissionsreduzierungsvorhaben in der Hochseeschifffahrt, Natur und Recht 2012 p.759-764 (DE)
18. Gattini, Andrea: Between Splendid Isolation and Tentative Imperialism: The EU's Extension of its Emission Trading Scheme to International Aviation and The ECJ's Judgment in the ATA Case, International and Comparative Law Quarterly 2012 p.977-991 (EN)
19. Grigorova, Zhenya: Savmestimostta na Evropeyskata shema za targoviya s kvoti za emisii na parnikovi gazove s mezhdunarodnoto pravo - dokolko i dokade tselta opravdava sredstvata ?, Европейски правен преглед 2012 P.106-140 (BG)
20. Pascual Vives, Francisco José: Interacciones entre el Derecho Internacional y el Derecho de la Unión Europea: la inclusión de las actividades aéreas en el comercio de derechos de emisión, Revista General de Derecho Europeo 2012, nº 27, p. 1-35 (ES)
21. Franceschelli, Ferdinando: Il rapporto fra diritto internazionale e diritto dell'UE nella sentenza Air Transport Association of America della Corte di giustizia dell'UE, Giurisprudenza italiana 2013 p.183-188 (IT)
22. Odermatt, Jed: The Columbia Journal of European Law 2013 p.143-165 (EN)
23. Castillo de la Torre, Fernando: El Tribunal de Justicia completa y precisa su jurisprudencia sobre la posición del derecho internacional en el derecho de la Unión, y concluye que el régimen de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero es compatible con el derecho internacional (STJ de 21.12.2011, asunto Air Transport Association of America, C-366/10), Revista española de Derecho Europeo 2013 nº 46 p.93-149 (ES)
24. De Baere, Geert ; Ryngaert, Cedric: The ECJ’s Judgment in Air Transport Association of America and the International Legal Context of the EU’s Climate Change Policy, European Foreign Affairs Review 2013 p.389-409 (EN)
25. Adamczak-Retecka, Monika: Do kogo należy niebo? Rozważania na marginesie wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej wydanego w sprawie C-366/10 Air Transport Association of America, Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze 2017 p.267-277 (PL)
26. Simon, Denys: Applicabilité des accords entre l'Union européenne et le Royaume du Maroc au territoire du Sahara occidental: Acte II, Europe 2018 avril nº 4 p.6-10 (FR)
27. Andriantsimbazovina, Joël: 49. Traité et accord international ­ Effet direct - Invocabilité - Règle de droit -International coutumier - Pacta Sunt servanda - Contrôle judiciaire. CJUE, gr. ch., 21 déc. 2011, n° C-366/10, Air Transport Association of America et autres c/ Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, Les grands arrêts de la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne. Droit constitutionnel et institutionnel de l'Union européenne (Dalloz, 2e édition) 2023, p. 799-808 (FR)

Procedural Analysis Information

Source of the question referred for a preliminary ruling

High Court of Justice Queen's Bench Division (Administrative Court) - United Kingdom

Subject-matter

• Environment
  
• - Pollution
  
• External action
  
• - international agreements
  

Provisions of national law referred to

Information not available

Provisions of international law referred to

Convention de Chicago sur l'organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (07/12/1944), art. 1, 11, 12, 15, 24 Protocole de Kyoto (10/12/1997), art. 2, par. 2 Accord 'ciel ouvert' (30/03/2008), art. 7, 11, par. 2, lettre c, et 15, par. 3 Résolution A35-3 dans le domaine de la protection de l'environnement de l'Organisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale ("OACI") (28/09/2004) Résolution A36-22 dans le domaine de la protection de l'environnement de l'Organisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale ("OACI") (28/09/2007)

Procedure and result

• Reference for a preliminary ruling
  

Formation of the Court

Grande chambre (Cour)

Judge-Rapporteur

Toader

Advocate General

Kokott

Language(s) of the Case

• English
  

Language(s) of the Opinion

• German