Research notes
Research notes are drafted at the request of the Court of Justice or the General Court on a specific subject. A selection of Research Notes are made available to the public to help promote mutual understanding of national laws.
Research notes are comparative studies requested by the Court of Justice or the General Court in relation to a pending case. Such notes may relate to one or several questions or topics and contain a comparison of the legal orders of the Member States, allowing for a broader insight into the relevant questions. The fields of law of the research notes vary according to the cases brought before the Court of Justice and the General Court.
Research notes contain an analysis of how the question is dealt with in a number of legal systems. This is summarised by a structured comparative overview.
The notes are drafted in French. The comparative overview is translated into English before publication.
You can find the full list of published notes below.
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National mechanisms for actions against decisions taken under Article 16(3) of Framework Decision 2002-584
- European arrest warrant
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Principes généraux en droit de l’Union
- FR (PDF document, opens in a new tab)
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The allocation of costs in national labour law litigation
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Judicial assistants within international and national courts comparable to the General Court of the European Union
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Reducing pensions payable
- Social security
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Preconditions for taking office as a Member of the European Parliament laid down in national electoral regulations
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The classification of interest due in the event of repayment of unlawful administrative penalties as default interest
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Conditions governing the admissibility of legal actions, brought by competitors of a successful tenderer, which were not participants in a negotiated procedure without prior publication of a contract notice
- European Union public contracts
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Internal mechanisms within the higher courts of the Member States to ensure consistency of case-law
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Agreements conferring jurisdiction made between parties established in the same Member State
- Judicial cooperation in civil matters
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Application of the VAT system to the activity of members of the board of directors of a public limited company
- Taxation
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Applicability of the principle of the retroactivity of the more lenient criminal law (lex mitior) to final criminal convictions and the effects of the invalidation of criminal provisions on the application of that principle
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Protection, through copyright, of official texts and technical standards
- Copyright and related rights
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Collective management of copyright and related rights in the Member States
- Copyright and related rights
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Review of the lawfulness of detention of third-country nationals – Scope of own-motion reviews and applicable rules
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Personal civil liability of the directors of commercial companies for the infringement of an intellectual property right
- Judicial cooperation in civil matters
- Approximation of laws
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Names and citations of anonymised cases
- Provisions governing the institutions
- Data protection
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Role of the criminal court in the event of a breach of the accused person's right to be informed of his or her procedural rights
- Charter of Fundamental Rights
- judicial cooperation in criminal matters
- Justice and home affairs
- Approximation of laws
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Declarations by Member States under Article 55(1) of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement
- Charter of Fundamental Rights
- judicial cooperation in criminal matters
- Immigration policy
- Principles, objectives and tasks of the Treaties
- Approximation of laws
- Public health
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Extrajudicial divorce: rules, procedures and cross-border recognition in Member States
- Judicial cooperation in civil matters
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Anti-Dumping Agreement – Concept of 'destined for consumption'
- Commercial policy
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Cross-appeals
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Procedures for the appointment and designation of judges in the Member States and the role played by the executive or legislature in those procedures
- Fundamental rights
- Charter of Fundamental Rights
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Management autonomy of national sports federations and whether public procurement rules apply to them
- European Union public contracts
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Public access to personal data relating to road traffic offences
- Principles, objectives and tasks of the Treaties
- Data protection
- Approximation of laws
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Impact of ongoing criminal proceedings on the conduct of disciplinary proceedings
- Provisions governing the institutions
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Requirement for judges to declare their financial interests
- Fundamental rights
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Existing internal review mechanisms in international and national courts
- Intellectual, industrial and commercial property
- Approximation of laws
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Scope of the requirement of independence of lawyers
- Principles, objectives and tasks of the Treaties
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Possibility and conditions of an incidental review of the procedure leading to a judge’s appointment
- Provisions governing the institutions
- Staff Regulations of officials and Conditions of Employment of other servants
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Rights of former directors of a company in liquidation to bring legal proceedings in the name of that company
- Economic and monetary policy
- European Central Bank (ECB)
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Anonymity of the parties on the publication of court decisions
- Data protection
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Nationality requirements in amateur athletics competitions
- Citizenship of the Union
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Scope of the principle of the legality of taxation, particularly in relation to value added tax
- Taxation
- Value added tax
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The use of promissory notes in relations with consumers
- Consumer protection
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Methods of management of confidential data in the context of national judicial proceedings
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Supervision of courts’ compliance with personal data protection rules when acting in their judicial capacity
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Conditions and procedures relating to involuntary loss of nationality
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Freedom of expression of parliamentarians
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Recognition of kafala in the Member States, in particular in connection with the right of entry and residence in Member States
- Right of entry and residence
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Supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products
- Intellectual, industrial and commercial property
- Approximation of laws
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Decisive date for assessing the ‘unaccompanied minor’ status of a refugee in order for his parents to enjoy a preferential right to family reunification with him
- Asylum policy
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Admissibility of court actions against ‘soft’ law measures
- Procedural provisions
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Application of the Cilfit case-law by national courts or tribunals against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law
- Principles, objectives and tasks of the Treaties
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Whether there are specific rules or general principles on the abuse of law in the area of direct taxation in the Member States
- Indirect taxation
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Judicial review of employment relationships involving churches or religious undertakings
- Employment
- Social policy
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Access to information held by national financial supervisory authorities
- Free movement of capital
- Internal market - Principles
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Applicability of the rules relating to ‘personal data’ within the meaning of Article 2(a) of Directive 95/46/EC, to a corrected script of an examination
- Data protection
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Limitation rules in criminal matters
- Fundamental rights
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Criminal penalties in the event of non-payment of value added tax
- Value added tax
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